Analysis of Vernacular Dwellings in Iraq: A Comparative Study of Erbil Citadel and Old Akre

Abstract

Vernacular architecture, inherently tied to local materials, climate, and cultural practices, demonstrates an adaptive response to environmental and societal needs, offering valuable lessons for sustainable development. This research examines vernacular architecture of Erbil Citadel and Old Akre, two traditional sites with mediterranean climate in Iraq, emphasizing their sustainable design and construction principles with cultural heritage. Erbil Citadel, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is a compact urban settlement on a man-made mound. Its inward-oriented courtyard houses, narrow streets, and centralized planning foster privacy, natural ventilation, and thermal comfort. The use of mud brick, timber, and other locally sourced materials highlights resource efficiency and adaptation to arid climate. In contrast, Old Akre features a unique terraced layout on steep mountainous terrain. Its houses, built with stone and lime from region, integrate with natural topography, creating a distinctive visual and functional harmony. Shared rooftops and communal spaces reflect the social cohesion embedded in the architectural design. The study compares these two examples, focusing on street configurations, material choices, and design features that promote sustainability. Erbil Citadel demonstrates compact planning and climate-responsive building techniques, while Old Akre’s terraced architecture exemplifies an organic response to challenging terrain. Both cases highlight integration of human needs, environmental considerations, and cultural values in their designs. The findings illustrate the potential of vernacular architecture as a model for contemporary sustainable design. The architectural strategies employed in Erbil Citadel and Old Akre not only celebrate cultural heritage but also provide a blueprint for resilient and environmentally sensitive urban development.